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1. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Systems
FGD systems are used to remove sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from the exhaust flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants. The two main types are:
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Wet FGD: This technology uses an alkaline reagent such as limestone or lime to scrub SO₂ from flue gas. It’s highly efficient, removing up to 95% of SO₂.
Dry and Semi-Dry FGD: These systems are better suited for smaller plants or those in water-scarce areas. Though slightly less efficient, they are simpler and cheaper to operate.
Advancement Highlight: Integration with byproduct recovery systems allows for gypsum production, a marketable commodity used in construction.
2. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
SCR systems reduce nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), which are major contributors to smog and acid rain. The technology works by injecting ammonia or urea into the flue gas, which reacts with NOₓ in the presence of a catalyst to form nitrogen and water vapor.
Advantages:
High NOₓ removal efficiency (up to 90%)
Proven performance in high-temperature flue gas environments
Innovation Trend: Catalysts now include advanced materials like titanium dioxide and vanadium pentoxide, improving efficiency and durability.
3. Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)
ESPs are used for the removal of particulate matter from flue gases. These devices use electrical charges to collect particles onto plates, which are periodically cleaned.
Benefits:
Can remove over 99% of PM
Operate at high gas flow rates
Low-pressure drop, maintaining overall energy efficiency
Technological Enhancement: Modern ESPs are now equipped with digital controls, real-time monitoring, and predictive maintenance capabilities, increasing performance reliability.
4. Fabric Filters (Baghouses)
Baghouse systems also target particulate matter. These systems use fabric filter bags to capture dust particles from flue gas.
Key Advantages:
Higher removal efficiency than ESPs for fine particulates
Suitable for low-to-medium temperature operations
Capable of handling a wide range of particle sizes and compositions
Modern Upgrades: Advanced fiber materials and pulse-jet cleaning mechanisms have significantly improved bag longevity and filtration performance.
5. Activated Carbon Injection (ACI)
ACI systems are designed to capture mercury and other trace heavy metals from flue gases. Activated carbon powder is injected into the gas stream where it adsorbs mercury before being captured by particulate control devices like ESPs or baghouses.
Important Trends:
Custom-formulated activated carbons for enhanced mercury capture
Integration with multi-pollutant control strategies for synergistic effects
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